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Fowles JR, Green HJ, Tupling R, O’Brien S, Roy BD (2002) Human neuromuscular fatigue is associated with altered Na +–K +-ATPase activity following isometric exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 92(4):1585–1593. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2001 Millet GY, Martin V, Martin A, Verges S (2011) Electrical stimulation for testing neuromuscular function: from sport to pathology. Eur J Appl Physiol 111(10):2489–2500. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00421-011-1996-y

Radicheva NI, Kolev VB, Peneva NE (1993) Influence of intracellular potential and conduction velocity on extracellular muscle fibre potential. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 3(2):95–102. https://doi.org/10.1016/1050-6411(93)90004-G Surface EMG potentials were recorded from the vastus lateralis (VL), vastus medialis (VM), and rectus femoris (RF) muscles. Since these three muscles are innervated by the femoral nerve, they were activated “at once” by delivering electrical stimuli to this nerve. EMG potentials were recorded using circular Ag/AgCl surface electrodes (Kendall Meditrace 100), with a recording diameter 10mm. Before electrode placement, the skin was adequately prepared (shaving, light abrasion with sandpaper, and cleaning with rubbing alcohol) to reduce the impedance at the skin-electrode interface. Surface EMG signals were amplified (bandwidth: 10–1,000Hz) and digitized (sampling frequency of 5kHz) using an analog-to-digital conversion system (MP150; BIOPAC, Goleta, CA). Rodriguez-Falces J, Place N (2015) Power spectral changes of the superimposed M wave during isometric voluntary contractions of increasing strength. Muscle Nerve 51(4):580–591. https://doi.org/10.1002/mus.24418 Place N, Maffiuletti NA, Ballay Y, Lepers R (2005) Twitch potentiation is greater after a fatiguing submaximal isometric contraction performed at short vs. long quadriceps muscle length. J Appl Physiol (1985) 98(2):429–436. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00664.2004The present results have shown that a decrease in Ampli FIRST during a low-force contraction can occur even in the absence of changes in fiber membrane excitability. This result is of relevance as it implies that, when a muscle contraction is sustained, there exists “non-sarcolemmal” factors which influence the magnitude of the M-wave first phase. Some of these factors (muscle shortening; electrode-to-fiber distance; intramuscular temperature) have been discussed above. It is important to note that the effects of these “non-sarcolemmal” factors on Ampli FIRST are of limited extent: indeed, the decrease in Ampli FIRST was only of ~7%. It is likely that, when a contraction of moderate or high intensity is sustained, these non-sarcolemmal factors would continue exerting a depressing effect on Ampli FIRST, but this effect would be probably counteracted and masked by the increase in extracellular K + concentration, which acts to increase Ampli FIRST ( Rodriguez-Falces and Place, 2017b). Bigland-Ritchie B (1981) EMG and fatigue of human voluntary and stimulated contractions. Ciba Found Symp 82:130–156

Hultman E, Sjoholm H (1983) Electromyogram, force and relaxation time during and after continuous electrical stimulation of human skeletal muscle in situ. J Physiol 339:33–40In a reflex arc, the sensory neuron sends a signal to the interneuron and activates it. The interneuron then relays that signal to the next neuron, a motor neuron. Motor neurons connect with interneurons in the spinal cord. They send messages from the central nervous system to the body. How accurate is Hoffman’s test? Kubo K, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y, Fukunaga T (2001) Influences of repetitive muscle contractions with different modes on tendon elasticity in vivo. J Appl Physiol (1985) 91(1):277–282

Because it is largely monosynaptic, the latency of an H-reflex depends mainly on the lengths and conduction velocities of the afferent and efferent axons in the peripheral nerve. What is an F wave in ECG?The second remarkable observation is that, similarly to Ampli FIRST, the largest change in Ampli SECOND occurred during the initial 30s of the contraction. The parallel time course of changes in these parameters suggests that they were affected by the same mechanism. Our hypothesis of a shortening of muscle fascicle length could explain the concurrent increase in Ampli SECOND and decrease in Ampli FIRST. Certainly, muscle shortening would affect the M-wave second phase, as this phase is generated upon the extinction of the action potentials at the fiber ends ( Rodriguez-Falces and Place, 2018). Specifically, a reduction in fascicle length would cause a more synchronous arrival of the action potentials at the tendons, thus provoking an increase in Ampli SECOND ( Rodriguez-Falces and Place, 2014). As for the M-wave first phase, the bulging of the muscle caused by muscle shortening would make Ampli FIRST to decrease, as commented above. Recovery Period Levenez M, Kotzamanidis C, Carpentier A, Duchateau J (2005) Spinal reflexes and coactivation of ankle muscles during a submaximal fatiguing contraction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 99(3):1182–1188. https://doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00284.2005